Monopoly (game) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia"Go To Jail" redirects here. For the 1. 98. 3 videogame, see Automonopoli. Monopoly is a board game that originated in the United States in 1. Henry George and in particular his ideas about taxation and women’s rights.[3] The current version was first published by Parker Brothers in 1. Subtitled "The Fast- Dealing Property Trading Game", the game is named after the economic concept of monopoly—the domination of a market by a single entity.
It is now produced by the United States game and toy company Hasbro. Players move around the gameboard buying or trading properties, developing their properties with houses and hotels, and collecting rent from their opponents, with the goal being to drive them all into bankruptcy leaving one monopolist in control of the entire economy. Since the board game was first commercially sold in the 1. History[edit]Early history[edit]The history of Monopoly can be traced back to 1.
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American anti- monopolist Elizabeth (Lizzie) J. Magie Phillips, created a game through which she hoped to be able to explain the single tax theory of Henry George.
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- Monopoly is a board game that originated in the United States in 1903 as a way to demonstrate that an economy which rewards wealth creation is better than one in.
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It was intended as an educational tool to illustrate the negative aspects of concentrating land in private monopolies. Magie took out a patent in 1. Her game, The Landlord's Game, was self- published, beginning in 1. A series of variant board games based on her concept was developed from 1.
Cardboard houses were added and rents were increased as they were added. Magie again patented the game in 1. According to an advertisement placed in The Christian Science Monitor, Charles Todd of Philadelphia recalled the day in 1. Esther Jones, now married to Charles Darrow, came to their house with her husband for dinner. After the meal, the Darrows played the game of Monopoly several times with them, a game that was entirely new to the Darrows, and before he left, Darrow asked for a written set of the rules. After Darrow brought his own Monopoly game out, the Todds never spoke to the Darrows again.[citation needed]By 1. The Landlord's Game" called Monopoly was the basis of the board game sold by Parker Brothers, beginning on 6 February 1.
Several people, mostly in the Midwestern United States and near the East Coast, contributed to the game's design and evolution, and this is when the game's design took on the 4. Г—1. 0 space- to- a- side layout and familiar cards were produced. The original version of the game in this format was based on streets in Atlantic City, New Jersey. By the 1. 97. 0s, the false notion that the game had been created solely by Charles Darrow had become popular folklore: it was printed in the game's instructions.
In 1. 93. 6, Parker Brothers began licensing the game for sale outside the United States. In 1. 94. 1, the British Secret Intelligence Service had John Waddington Ltd., the licensed manufacturer of the game in the United Kingdom, create a special edition for World War IIprisoners of war held by the Nazis.[8] Hidden inside these games were maps, compasses, real money, and other objects useful for escaping. They were distributed to prisoners by British secret service- created fake charity groups.[9]1. Economics professor Ralph Anspach published a game Anti- Monopoly in 1. Parker Brothers in 1. The case went to trial in 1.
Anspach won on appeals in 1. Circuit Court determined that the trademark Monopoly was generic, and therefore unenforceable.[1. The United States Supreme Court declined to hear the case, allowing the appellate court ruling to stand.
This decision was overturned by the passage of Public Law 9. With that law in place, Parker Brothers and its parent companies (Hasbro) continue to hold valid trademarks for the game Monopoly. However, Anti- Monopoly was exempted from the law and Anspach later reached a settlement with Hasbro and markets his game under license from them.[1.
The research that Dr. Anspach conducted during the course of the litigation was what helped to bring the game's history before Charles Darrow into the spotlight. A new wave of licensed products began in 1. Hasbro granted a license to USAopoly to begin publishing a San Diego Edition of Monopoly, which has since been followed by over 1. Other licensees include Winning Moves Games (since 1. Winning Solutions, Inc.
United States.[1. Winning Moves also has offices in the UK, France, Germany and Australia, and other licensees include AH Media in The Netherlands, and Bestman Games in Nigeria.[1.
The Monopolygameboard consists of 4. Chance spaces, three Community Chest spaces, a Luxury Tax space, an Income Tax space, and the four corner squares: GO, (In) Jail/Just Visiting, Free Parking, and Go to Jail.[1. US versions[edit]There have been some changes to the board since the original. Not all of the Chance and Community Chest cards as printed in the 1. Mr. Monopoly character (then known as "Rich Uncle Pennybags") were added in that same timeframe.[2. A graphic of a chest containing coins was added to the Community Chest spaces, as were the flat purchase prices of all of the properties. Traditionally, the Community Chest cards were yellow (although they sometimes were printed on blue stock) with no decoration or text on the back, and the Chance cards were orange, likewise with no text or decoration on the back.[2.
Hasbro commissioned a major redesign to the US Standard Edition of the game in 2. Among the changes: the colors of Mediterranean and Baltic Avenues (which changed from purple to brown), the colors of the GO square (which changed from red to black), the adoption of a flat $2.
Income Tax (formerly the player's choice of $2. Luxury Tax amount (upped from $7. There were also changes to the Chance and Community Chest cards; for example, the "poor tax" and "grand opera opening" cards became "speeding fine" and "it is your birthday", respectively; though their effects remained the same, and the player must pay only $5.
In addition, a player now gets $5. Advance to Illinois Avenue card now has the added text concerning a player collecting $2. Go on the way there.[2. Similar color and amount changes are used in the US Edition of the "Here and Now: World Edition" game, and are also used in the most recent versions of the Mc. Donald's Monopoly promotion.[original research?]All of the Chance and Community Chest cards received a graphic upgrade in 2. Mr. Monopoly's classic line illustration was also now usually replaced by renderings of a 3.
D Mr. Monopoly model. The backs of the cards have their respective symbols, with Community Chest cards in blue, and Chance cards in orange.[citation needed]In the US versions shown below, the properties are named after locations in (or near) Atlantic City, New Jersey.[2. Atlantic City's Illinois Avenue was renamed Martin Luther King Jr.
Blvd. in the 1. 98. St. Charles Place no longer exists, as the now- defunct Showboat Casino Hotel was developed where it once ran.[2. Standard (American Edition) Monopoly board layout as of September 2. Marvin Gardens, the leading yellow property on the board shown, is a misspelling of the original location name, Marven Gardens. The misspelling was introduced by Charles and Olive Todd, who taught the game to Charles Darrow, and passed on when their homemade Monopoly board was copied by Darrow and thence to Parker Brothers. The Todds also changed the Atlantic City Quakers' Arctic Avenue to Mediterranean, and shortened the Shore Fast Line to the Short Line.[2.
It was not until 1. Parker Brothers acknowledged the misspelling of Marvin Gardens, formally apologizing to the residents of Marven Gardens.[2. Short Line refers to the Shore Fast Line, a streetcar line that served Atlantic City.[2. The B& O Railroad did not serve Atlantic City.
A booklet included with the reprinted 1. Atlantic City in the mid- 1.
Jersey Central, the Seashore Lines, the Reading Railroad, and the Pennsylvania Railroad. The Seashore Lines were a joint venture of the Reading and Pennsylvania companies; all lost a large number of lines, and passenger service was absent from the 1.
New Jersey Transit.[citation needed]The Baltimore & Ohio (now part of CSX) was the parent of the Reading. There is a tunnel in Philadelphia where track to the south was B. O. and track to the north is Reading. The Central of N.
J. did not have track to Atlantic City but was the daughter of the Reading (and granddaughter of the B. O.) Their track ran from the New York City area to Delaware Bay and some trains ran on the Reading- controlled track to Atlantic City.[2.
The actual "Electric Company" and "Water Works" serving the city are respectively Atlantic City Electric Company (a subsidiary of Pepco Holdings) and the Atlantic City Municipal Utilities Authority.[2. UK version[edit]. The board cover of the standard British version, with the 2. In the 1. 93. 0s, John Waddington Ltd. Waddingtons) was a firm of printers from Leeds that had begun to branch out into packaging and the production of playing cards. Waddingtons had sent the card game Lexicon to Parker Brothers hoping to interest them in publishing the game in the United States. In a similar fashion, Parker Brothers sent over a copy of Monopoly to Waddingtons early in 1.
United States. The managing director of Waddingtons, Victor Watson, gave the game to his son Norman (who was head of the card games division) to test over the weekend. Norman was impressed by the game and persuaded his father to call Parker Brothers on Monday morning – transatlantic calls then being almost unheard of. This call resulted in Waddingtons obtaining a license to produce and market the game outside of the United States. Watson felt that for the game to be a success in the United Kingdom, the American locations would have to be replaced, so Victor and his secretary, Marjory Phillips, went to London to scout out locations. The Angel, Islington, is not a street in London but a building (and the name of the road intersection it is located at). It was a coaching inn that stood on the Great North Road.
By the 1. 93. 0s, the inn had become a J.
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